History Of Kashmir
Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20%
Kashmir is the northernmost (related to where mountains, rivers, cities, etc., are located) area of the Indian subcont-inent.
I think Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" represented only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range.
Today, it represents a larger area that includes the Indian-given (land areas owned or controlled by someone) of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistani given (land areas owned or controlled by someone) of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and Chinese-given/gave (land areas owned or controlled by someone) of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Area (of land).
Shah Mir the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, (causing something to begin) the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Shah Mir (period of time with the same powerful family rulers).Kashmir was part of the Mughal Empire from 1586 to 1751, and after that, until 1820, of the Afghan Durrani Empire. That year, the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, added to the end Kashmir,according to pakistantravelerpk In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First (white American)-Sikh War, and upon the (instance of buying something for money) of the area from the British under the Agreement (between countries) of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his (children, grandchildren, etc.), under the most importantcy (or instruction) of the British Crown, lasted until the dividing wall/section of India in 1947, by research when the former princely state of the British Indian Empire became a not-agreed-upon (land area owned or controlled by someone), now given/gave by three countries: India, Pakistan, and China.
The Buddhist educated person and Chinese traveler, called Kashmir kia-shi-milo, while some other Chinese accounts referred to Kashmir as ki-pin (or Chipin or Jipin) and ache-pin.
Cashmere is an outdated spelling of modern Kashmir, and in some countries,it is still spelled this way.
In the Kashmiri language, Kashmir itself is known as Kasheer.
The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to the part of/amount of Kashmir given/gave by India as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK).
Shah Mir (ruled 1339-42) was the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir.
Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313, along with his family, In later years, through his skill (when dealing with people) and ability, Shah mir became one of the important personalities of the time. Later, after the death in 1338 of Udayanadeva, his brother, was able to assume the kingship himself and so laid the foundation of permanent Muslim rule in Kashmir. Disagreements among the ruling classes and foreign (sudden, unwanted entries into places) were the two main factors which added/gave towards (the creation of/the beginning of the existence of) Muslim rule in Kashmir.
Rinchan, from Ladakh, and Skinnyar Chak, from Dard (land area owned or controlled by someone) near Gilgit, came to Kashmir and played an important/famous role in the later political history of the Valley. All the three men were granted Jagirs (fightatory huge houses) by the King. Rinchan became the ruler of Kashmir for three years.
Shah Mir was the first ruler of the Shah Mir (period of time with the same powerful family rulers), which was established in 1339. Muslim ulama, such as Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, arrived from Central Asia to try to brainwash in Kashmir and their efforts converted thousands of Kashmiris to Islam and Hamadani's son also convinced Sikander Butshikan to enforce Islamic law. By the late 1400s most Kashmiris had accepted Islam.
Nishat Bagh, a Persian Garden built by the Mughal (ruler of a country) Shah Jahan in Srinagar, Kashmir
Mughal Rule
The Mughal badishah (ruler of a country)Akbar won (by force) Kashmir from 1585-86, taking advantage of Kashmir's internal Sunni-Shia divisions,and this way ended native (to) Kashmiri Muslim rule.Akbar added it to the Kabul Subah (including modern-day northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan and the Kashmir Valley of India), but Shah Jahan carved it out as a separate subah ((related to kings, queens, emperors, etc.) top-level area of control/area of land) with its seat at Srinagar. Kashmir became the northern-most area of Mughal India as well as a pleasure ground in the summertime. They built Persian water-gardens in Srinagar, along the shores of Dal Lake, with cool and richly and beautifully proportioned terraces, fountains, roses, jasmine and rows of chinar trees.
Afghan Rule
The Afghan Durrani (period of time with the same powerful family rulers)'s Durrani Empire controlled Kashmir from 1751, when 15th Mughal badshah ((male ruler of a country)) Ahmad Shah Bahadur's viceroy Muin-ul-Mulk was defeated and restored back (to a previous state) by the Durrani person (who started a company) Ahmad Shah Durrani (who won (by force), roughly, modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan from the Mughals and local rulers), until the 1820 Sikh victory. The Afghan rulers violently/harshly controlled and hidden Kashmiris of all faiths (according to Kashmiri history experts).
Sikh Rule
In 1819, the Kashmir Valley passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan to the winning (by force) armies of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of the Punjab,thus ending four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghan government in power. As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they at first welcomed the new Sikh rulers.However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard supervisors, and Sikh rule was generally thought about/believed terrible (because of mistreatment). protected maybe by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in Lahore.The Sikhs (did/done /put into law) some anti-Muslim laws,which included handing out death legal punishments/times spent being punished for cow murder,closing down the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and stopping/blocking the AZAN, the public Muslim call to prayer. Kashmir had also now begun to attract (related to Europe) visitors, (more than two, but not a lot of) of whom wrote of the miserable and hopeless poorness of the huge Muslim poor people and of the ridiculously high taxes under the Sikhs.High taxes, according to some modern accounts, had (having less or almost no people) large areas (of land) of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be (helped to grow).Many Kashmiri poor people moved to the plains of the Punjab.However, after a widespread death from starving in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers,Kashmir became the second highest money/money income earner for the Sikh Empire.During this time Kashmiri shawls became known worldwide, attracting many buyers, especially in the West.
The state of Jammu, which had been on the rising (in power) after the decline of the Mughal Empire, came under the sway of the Sikhs in 1770. Further in 1808, it was fully won (by force) by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh, then a child in the House of Jammu, enrolled in the Sikh troops and, by distinguishing himself in (series of actions to reach goals), slowly rose in power and influence. In 1822, he was blessed as the Raja of Jammu.Along with his able general Zorawar Singh Kahluria, he won (by force) and controlled/calmed Rajouri (1821), Kishtwar (1821), Suru valley and Kargil (1835), Ladakh (1834-1840), and Baltistan (1840), by that/in that way surrounding the Kashmir Valley. He became a rich and famous and important noble in the Sikh court.
Princely state
"Gulab Singh planned to hold himself uninterested till the fight of Sobraon (1846), when he appeared as a useful (person who tries to settle an argument) and the trusted advisor of Sir Henry Lawrence. Two agreements between countries were ended/decided. By the first the State of Lahore (i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equal for one crore indemnity, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 lakhs all the hilly or huge mountain filled country located to the east of the Indus and the west of the Ravi (in other words) the Valley/life of Kashmir).
In the British (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.) of India of 1941, Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a thinly distributed population of Buddhists and Sikhs containing/making up the remaining 3%. Under the Hindu rule, Muslims faced big taxation, (unfair treatment based on skin color, age, etc.) in the legal system and were forced into labor without any wages. Conditions in the princely state caused a significant moving (from one place to another) of people from the Kashmir Valley to Punjab of British India. For almost a century until the (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.), a small Hindu elite had ruled over a huge and very poor Muslim poor people. Driven into gentleness by long-lasting (state of owing money) to (managers of apartment buildings) and moneylenders, having no education besides, nor knowledge of rights, the Muslim poor people had no political representation until the 1930s.
India has control by force of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which continues the name Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls a third of the area, divided into two actual/actually areas of a country, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir.
According to the Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 dividing wall/section and its money-based, cultural, and (land-area-based/location) closeness with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly (showed/shown or proved), the political developments during and after the dividing wall/section resulted in a division of the area. Pakistan was left with (land area owned or controlled by someone) that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, (compared to other things) (unable to be used or understood), and (money-based)/cheaply (not well developed). The largest Muslim group, located in the Valley of Kashmir and guessed (a number) to number more than half the population of the whole area, lay in Indian-given (land area owned or controlled by someone), with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked.
The area is divided among three countries in a land-based argument: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and the People's Republic of China controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract). India controls most of the Siachen Huge mass of ice area, including the Saltoro Ridge passes, while Pakistan controls the lower (land area owned or controlled by someone) just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km2 (39,127 sq mi) of the argumentd (land area owned or controlled by someone), Pakistan controls 85,846 km2 (33,145 sq mi), and the People's Republic of China controls the remaining 37,555 km2 (14,500 sq mi).
In the 1901 (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.) of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was 2,905,578. Of these, 2,154,695 (74.16%) were Muslims, 689,073 (23.72%) Hindus, 25,828 (0.89%) Sikhs, and 35,047 (1.21%) Buddhists (suggesting 935 (0.032%) others).
The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they make upd a little less than 60% of people/of the group. In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "524 in every 10,000 of people/of the group (i.e. 5.24%), and in the edge of something/unexplored area wazarats of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 people (0.94%).In the same (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.) of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% and the Hindu population 60,641.Among the Hindus of Jammu area of control/area of land, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important social classes recorded in the (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.) were "Brahmans (186,000), the Rajputs (167,000), the Khattris (48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000).
In the 1911 (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.) of the British Indian Empire, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu had increased to 3,158,126. Of these, 2,398,320 (75.94%) were Muslims, 696,830 (22.06%) Hindus, 31,658 (1%) Sikhs, and 36,512 (1.16%) Buddhists. In the last (official count of everyone who lives in a country, city, etc.) of British India in 1941, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the second world war, was guessed (number) from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. Of these, the total Muslim population was 2,997,000 (75.97%), the Hindu population was 808,000 (20.48%), and the Sikh 55,000 (1.39%).
The Kashmiri Pandits, the only Hindus of the Kashmir valley, who had stably made up/was equal to about 4 to 5% of people/of the group of the valley during Dogra rule (1846-1947), and 20% of whom had left the Kashmir valley by 1950, began to leave in much greater numbers in the 1990s. According to some authors, about 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that ten years.Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the leaving/quitting (of a large number of people), ranging from the whole population of over 150 to 190 thousand (1.5 to 190,000) of a total Pandit population of 200 thousand (200,000) to a number as high as 300 thousand (300,000).
People in Jammu speak Hindi, Punjabi and Dogri, the Valley/life of Kashmir speaks Kashmiri and the poorly lived-in Ladakh area speaks Tibetan and Balti.
The total population of India's division of Jammu and Kashmir is 12,541,302 and Pakistan's division of Kashmir is 2,580,000 and Gilgit-Baltistan is 870,347.
Kashmir Valley
Muslims : 95%Hindu : 4%*
Jammu
Hindu : 30%
Muslims : 66%
Pakistan Azad Kashmir
Muslims : 100%
Gilgit-Baltistan
Muslims : 99%
People's Republic of China
Statistics from the BBC In Depth report.
Kashmir's (process of people making, selling, and buying things) is centred around farming. Usually/(in the past) the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. Also, Indian corn, wheat, (grain, eaten for food) and oats were also grown. Given its mild/not extreme climate, it is suited for crops like green vegetable, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, vegetable-related, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the (helped to grow) (large groups of fruits or nut trees) yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees are deodar, firs and pines, chenar or plane, maple, large tree and walnut, apple, cherry.
(in the past), Kashmir became known worldwide when Cashmere wool was exported to other areas and nations (exports have stopped due to decreased (oversupply/large amount) of the cashmere goat and increased competition from China). Kashmiris are well good at knitting and making Pashmina shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas, and pottery. Saffron, too, is grown in Kashmir. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier-machine, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk. The (process of people making, selling, and buying things) was badly damaged by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-controlled part of Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in Indian-controlled Kashmir.
Transport
Transport is mostly by air or road vehicles in the area.Kashmir has a 135 km (84 mi) long modern railway line that started in October 2009, and was last extended in 2013 and connects Baramulla, in the western part of Kashmir, to Srinagar and Banihal. It is expected to link Kashmir to the rest of India after the construction of the railway line from Katra to Banihal is completed.
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